5.1: Impucuko YamaSulumane - Amagugu Nesimilo
Ukuthuthuka komuntu siqu kanye nobuholi
“Unesimilo Esihle” - Quran, 64:4
Ibhalansi ephelele ekwaneliseni izidingo zomzimba nomphefumulo
U-Muhammad(ukuthula makube kuyena) ucele ukulondoloza ukulingana okufanele phakathi kokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo kanye nemimoya. Wafundisa abalandeli bakhe ukuthi izidingo zomzimba nomphefumulo kumelwe zaneliswe kodwa ngokulinganisela nangezindlela ezingokomthetho.
Ugqugquzele abantu ukuthi bathathe inkolo njengesikhuthazi sendlela yokuphila engcono engeza ukubaluleka emizimbeni nasemiphefumulweni yabo.
UMuhammad(ukuthula makube kuyena) ukugxekile ukweqisa
UMuhammad(ukuthula makube kuyena) wabiza indlela yokuphila elinganiselayo, imibono elinganiselayo kanye nokucabanga okunengqondo. Kubikwa ukuthi kufike abantu abathathu emzini wakhe bezobuza ngendlela akhonza ngayo. UMuhammad(ukuthula makube kuyena) wayengekho ekhaya futhi umkakhe wakhuluma nabo. Nokho, bathola izinga lakhe lokukhulekela liphansi kunalokho ababekulindele.
Babecabanga ukuthi indlela yokuphila engokwenkolo idinga ukugxila ezintweni ezingokomoya futhi ungazinaki ezinye zezidingo zomzimba noma ukugodla izifiso zemvelo.
Ngokwakho ukuqonda, umuntu okholwayo udinga ukuhlala engashadile futhi akumele ashade. Futhi, udinga ukuzila ukudla nsuku zonke futhi enze ubusuku bonke imithandazo eyengeziwe ngaphandle kwemithandazo yansuku zonke.Lapho uMuhammad(ukuthula makube kuyena) ekwazi abakushoyo, wacasuka kodwa wathi wayevame ukwenza imithandazo eyengeziwe ebusuku futhi aphumule njengabanye abantu. Ngaphezu kokuzila ukudla okwenziwa minyaka yonke ngenyanga kaRamadan, wazila isikhathi esithile futhi akazange azile nakwezinye izikhathi. Ekugcineni, washada futhi wayengathandi ukuthi abantu bahlale bengashadile. Uthe:
“Le yiSunnah yami (indlela yokuphila uNkulunkulu ayithandayo). Noma ngubani ongayamukelii, akayena owethu. Bukhaari, 1184 kanye Muslim, 849
Muhammad(ukuthula makube kuyena) akabuthandi ubunzima
Kulandiswa ukuthi noma nini lapho uMuhammad(ukuthula makube kuyena) kufanele anqume ngendaba noma udaba lapho kunikezwa ukukhetha okungaphezu kokukodwa noma okunye, wayebugwema njalo ubunzima futhi akhethe obuncane obuyinkimbinkimbi uma nje bufeza izinhloso ezidingekayo futhi bungabandakanyi izenzo eziphambene nomthetho. (Sahih Al-Bukhari, 8/160, 6786. Sahih Muslim, 7/80, 2327).
Ngokuzithoba kwe-Calligrapher, u-Wissam Shawkat
Ukuhlanzeka nokuhlanzeka
Ukuhlanzeka nokuhlanza umuntu siqu kuyizidingo ezibalulekile enkolwenii kwamaSulumane.
"Ngempela, uAllah Uthanda labo abaphendukela kuYena ngokuphenduka futhi uthanda labo abazihlanzayo (ngokwenyama nangokomoya)". Quran, 2:222
“Nezingubo zakho zihlanze.” Quran, 74:4
Ukwenza ukungcola ngaphambi kokuthandaza kuyinto ebalulekile emithandazweni. Kubandakanya ukugeza izandla, ubuso, izingalo kuze kufike endololwaneni, ukusula ikhanda nokugeza izinyawo.
Ukugeza Kwansuku zonke
Ghusul, ukugeza umzimba okuphelele
Ukwenza iGhusul (ukugeza umzimba wonke) njalo kunconywa kakhulu futhi kuthathwa njengengxenye yeSunnah kaMuhammad (izimfundiso nendlela yokuphila). Nokho, i-Ghusul iyadingeka ukuze ibe msulwa ngezikhathi ezithile (isb. ngemva kokuxhumana nomshado nokuya esikhathini).
UMuhammad(ukuthula makube kuyena) ugcizelele inhlanzeko nokuhlanzeka kuzo zonke izici zempilo. Ucele ozakwabo ukuthi bahlanze amakhaya abo nendawo ezungezile njalo. Ubafundise ukuthi ukususa umonakalo noma udoti emgwaqeni isenzo somusa esivuzayo.
Futhi, u-Muhammad(ukuthula makube kuyena) wanxusa abangani bakhe ukuthi bagcine inhlanzeko yomuntu siqu kanye nokuhlanzeka okuphezulu. Amazwi akhe kulo mongo akhombisa lokhu okulandelayo:
- Gqoka izingubo ezihlanzekile nezibukekayo kodwa ungabi ukonakala
- Sebenzisa amakha (Teeb) ukuze unuke kahle
- Nquma izinzipho zakho, susa izinwele ze-pubic namakhwapha
- Geza izandla ngaphambi nangemva kokudla. Ungakuthinti ukudla ngemva kokuvuka kuze kugezwe izandla.
Ukuhlanzeka noma ukuhlanza kuyingxenye yokukholwa. Sahih Muslim futhi Tirmithi
I-Miswak nokunakekelwa kwamazinyo. Umlomo ohlanzekile nokuphefumula kahle phakathi nosuku lonke
U-Muhamma(ukuthula makube kuyena)d wathi: "Uma kungazange kukukhathaze, ngizokucela ukuthi uxube amazinyo akho nge-miswak ngaphambi komthandazo ngamunye." (okungukuthi kahlanu ngosuku) (Kulandiswa uBukhari & Muslim)
Yini i-miswak?
I-Miswak yigama elivamile le-Salvadore persica (isihlahla sokuxubha amazinyo, esaziwa nangokuthi isihlahla se-Arak). Isetshenziswa kakhulu eSaudi Arabia. Izintambo ze-Miswak zihlanzekile phakathi kwamazinyo futhi aziphuli ngaphansi kwengcindezi, kunalokho ziyaguquguquka futhi ziqinile.
Ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali kwe-Miswak kubonisa ukuthi iqukethe amaminerali amaningi awusizo kanye nezakhi ezifana ne-fluoride ngamanani amakhulu, i-silica, i-vitamin C nenani elincane lama-chlorides, ama-tannins, ama-saponins, ama-flavonoid nama-sterol.
Ngokocwaningo lokuhlaziya, i-Miswak isiza ukulwa nama-plaque, ukwehla komnotho kanye nokopha kwezinsini. Induku ye-Miswak ikhipha ubisi olusha kanye ne-silica (impahla ecwebezelayo eqinile) esebenza njengento eqhumayo ukuze isuse amabala. I-Miswak ingakwazi ukuhlanza amazinyo ngobumnene nangempumelelo, yenza amazinyo abe mhlophe ngaphandle kokulimaza koqweqwe lwawo noma izinsini. Okuqukethwe kwe-chloride kusiza ukususa i-plaque ne-tartar stains futhi uvithamini C unomthelela ekwelapheni nasekulungiseni izicubu. Kukholakala ukuthi i-Miswak extract ikhulula ikhanda, umkhuhlane, isicanucanu, ukungezwani, kanye nesiyezi.### Funa ulwazi
UMuhammad(ukuthula makube kuyena) waletha uMlayezo wokukhanya nokuholwa okwakhuthaza ukuthuthuka kwezesayensi nentuthuko kwimpucuko. Iqale esambulweni saphezulu esasiqale ngegama elithi "Funda". Kungakapheli amashumi eminyaka, yaguqula ulwazi nazo zonke izinhlobo zesayensi e-Arabia nasemhlabeni wonke.
Amagama athi: funda, cabanga, funda, ubheke, uhlole, uqonde, uzindle, uzindle, ubone futhi ubonise kukhulunywa ngawo kaningi eQuran.
Ngempela, ekudalweni kwamazulu nomhlaba, nokuphambana kobusuku nemini kukhona izibonakaliso (zamandla kaNkulunkulu okudala) kulabo abanengqondo nabanokuqonda. Labo abakhumbula uAllah (iNkosi yezidalwa zonke) ngenhlonipho bemile, behlezi futhi belele ngezinhlangothi. Futhi abacabanga ngokudalwa kwamazulu nomhlaba, futhi bathi: “Nkosi yethu! Awukudalelanga ize konke lokhu, uphakeme Wena, bese usivikela esijezisweni soMlilo. Quran, 3:190-191
Futhi emhlabeni kukhona izibonakaliso ezimangalisayo (ezikhombisa ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu) naphakathi kwenu (izimpawu ezifanayo), aniboni na? Quran, 51:20-21
UMuhammad(ukuthula makube kuyena)+ wengeze ukubaluleka ezimpilweni zabantu ngokubakhuthaza ukuba bafunde futhi bafune ulwazi oluwusizo. Ube esenxusa ozakwabo ukuthi basebenzise ulwazi ngenhlalonhle yesintu hhayi ukudala inhlekelele emhlabeni. Uxhumanise lokho nenjabulo kaNkulunkulu lapho ethi:
“Lowo olandela indlela yokuzuza ulwazi, uNkulunkulu umlungiselela indlela eya ePharadesi” (Sahih Muslim, 8/71, 2699)
Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka, ososayensi abangamaSulumane babeyimingcele kusayensi emsulwa nesetshenziswayo. Isi-Arabhu, ulimi lweQuran, lwaba ulimi lwezesayensi ezazifundiswa emanyuvesi agcwele anikezela ngeziqu chemistry, mathematics, calculus, medicine, astronomy, geography, engineering, art and literature.
Abanye abacwaningi bayalivuma iqiniso lokuthi impucuko yasentshonalanga yayincike kakhulu empucukweni yamaSulumane. Ngaphandle kwayo, impucuko yasentshonalanga ibizodinga okungenani iminyaka engama-500 ukufeza lokho esekuzuzile.
| Usosayensi | Iminikelo Emikhulu |
|---|---|
| UGeberUbaba weChemistry721-815 CE | Jaber Ibn Hayyankwakuyi-polymath evelele: usokhemisi, isazi sezinkanyezi, isazi sezinkanyezi, unjiniyela, isazi sokuma komhlaba, isazi sefilosofi, isazi sefiziksi, usokhemisi nodokotela. Ubhekwa ososayensi abaningi njengoyise we-chemistry. Ube ngowokuqala ukuthola ama-asidi amaningi njenge-nitric, i-hydrochloric ne-sulfuric acid. Yenawachaza izinqubo zamakhemikhali eziningi ezifana nokuhwamuka, i-sublimation kanye ne-distillation. Isazi-mlando samakhemikhali u-Eric John Holmyard unikeza uGeber udumo ngokuthuthukisa i-alchemy ibe isayensi yokuhlola. |
| I-AlgoritmiUbaba wama-algorithm780-850 CE | Mohammad Ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmiwayengomunye wososayensi abakhulu besikhathi sakhe. Wayeyisazi sezibalo, isazi sezinkanyezi kanye nesazi sokuma komhlaba. Waba negalelo elikhulu kuMathematika lapho enza i-Algebra (esuselwa egameni elithi Al-Jabr elisho “ukuxhuma izingxenye eziphukile”) kanye “nama-algorithms” aqanjwe ngaye. U-Al-Khwarizmi uphinde wahlola uhlelo lwezinombolo zedesimali futhi washicilela ucwaningo olwafinyelela eYurophu njengokuhumusha kwesiLatini. |
| I-Rhases (Rasis)Ubaba Wezinyanga865-929 CE | Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Zakariya AlRazi. Wayebhekwa ososayensi abaningi njengoyise wezifo zezingane. Ube ngowokuqala ukwehlukanisa ingxibongo nesimungumungwane. Uthole inqwaba yamakhemikhali namakhemikhali ahlanganisa utshwala nophalafini. U-Rhazes wazijwayelanisa nemithi yamaGreki, isiSyria, isi-Arabhu namaNdiya futhi wenza ucwaningo lwezokwelapha. URhazes wabhala izincwadi eziningi zezokwelapha futhi wahlanganisa imibhalo yezemithi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wakha amathuluzi anjaloosokhemisi basebenzise yonke indlela kuze kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 (inter alia mortar, spatula kanye ne-ampoule). |
| U-AvicennaUbaba Wezokwelapha Zanamuhla980-1037 CE | Abu Ali Al-Hussein Ibn Sinaingenye yezazi ezivelele zamaSulumane kwezokwelapha futhi ingesinye sososayensi abangamaMuslim abadume kakhulu emhlabeni. Wayeyi-polymath futhi umbhali wezincwadi ezicishe zibe ngu-200 zesayensi, inkolo nefilosofi. Imisebenzi emibili ka-Avicenna ebaluleke kakhulu yilena: Shifa (Incwadi Yokwelapha) okuyi-encyclopedia yefilosofi esekelwe esikweni lama-Aristotle kanye ne-Al Qanun Fi-Tibb (Incwadi Yezokwelapha). ICanon iyincwadi enemiqulu eyi-14, ehlukanisa futhi ichaze izifo, futhi iveze okucatshangelwa ukuthi izimbangela zazo. Yahunyushelwa ezilimini ezihlukene futhi yayiwumbhalo wezokwelapha ojwayelekile eYurophu iminyaka engamakhulu ayisikhombisa (kuze kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18). |
| I-Al Jazari1136-1206 CE | Abul-Iz Bin Ismael Al-Jazari. Waziwa kakhulu ngokubhala “Incwadi Yolwazi Ngamadivaysi Emishini Ehlakaniphile” lapho achaza khona izisetshenziswa zemishini ezingamashumi amahlanu kanye neziqondiso zendlela zokuzakha. I-Al-Jazari yaziwa nangokuthi ngumsunguli we-"castle clock" enkulu kunazo zonke yezinkanyezi, ethathwa njengekhompyutha yokuqala ye-analog ehlelekayo. Ngokusho kukaDonald Routledge Hill, u-Al-Jazari uchaze amawashi ekhandlela ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Wabuye wasungula iwashi lamanzi kanye ne-crank shaft eshintsha ukunyakaza okujikelezayo kube ukunyakaza okulandelanayo. |
Ukuthuthuka komuntu siqu ngezemidlalo
UMuhammad wayejwayele ukukhuthaza abangane bakhe ukuthi bagcine imizimba yabo iphilile futhi bafunde izinhlobo ezahlukene zemidlalo efana nokubhukuda, ukushaya ngomnsalo, ukugibela amahhashi nokujaha amahhashi (ihhashi).
Ngesikhathi sikaMuhammad abantu babejabulela injabulo nomuzwa omuhle wezemidlalo. Imincintiswano yokugijima yayiyindlela evamile yokuzijabulisa. Kubikwa ukuthi u-Muhammad wayevame ukubonakala egijima nomkakhe u-Aisha. Wawunqoba kanye umjaho futhi yena wawunqoba umjaho ngesinye isikhathi. Muhammad wayevame ukuthi:
"O Allah, ngiphephela Kuwe ekukhathazekeni, ekuhlubukeni, ekungakwazini, ebuvilalini, ebugwala nasenkohlakalweni". (Abu-Dawoud, 2/334, 2578. Ibn-Majeh, 3/149, 1979)
UMuhammad wabela indawo ezoba yinkundla yokugijima ohlangothini olusentshonalanga yeMosque yeNabawi eMadinah. Umjaho wamahhashi ubuvame ukuqhutshwa emkhakheni ofanayo. Kwakhiwa i-mosque eduze kwenkundla yomjaho futhi yabizwa nge-Sabaq Mosque (isb. Mosque yenkundla yomjaho).
