6: OoMama kwi-Islam
Blue Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey
Amalungelo abasetyhini
Ngaphambi kokufika kwe-Islam, abafazi babengenamalungelo oluntu. AmaArabhu ayedla ngokukhetha abantwana abangamakhwenkwe kunabafazi ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba apho ootata abaninzi babedla ngokungcwaba abantwana babo ababhinqileyo okanye abantwana besaphila.
Akukho kucalulwa ngokwesini
UMuhammad walugweba ucalucalulo phakathi kwabantwana abangamadoda nabafazi kwaye wafundisa amaqabane akhe ukuba bathande abantwana babo kwaye babakhulise ngokufanelekileyo nokuba basini siphi na. Ngapha koko, wagxininisa ekunikezeleni ngononophelo nohoyo lwabantwana ababhinqileyo de babe badala batshate. Muhammad wathi:
"Abafazi basisiqingatha samawele samadoda." (Tirmidhi, 1/154, 113)
Abasetyhini banenzuzo kwilifa njengamadoda
Ngaphambi kwe-Islam, abafazi babengenalo ilungelo lokuzuza ilifa. u-Muhammad waphumelela ukutshintsha eli siko. Abasetyhini bafumana ilungelo lokuzuza ilifa njengamadoda. Nangona kunjalo, u-Muhammad akazange ayidale ngokwakhe inkqubo yamafa yamaMuslim, kodwa wagqithisa amaZwi kaThixo (agcinwe kwiQuran) achaza inxalenye yomntu ngamnye (owesilisa nowasetyhini) onelungelo lokuzuza ilifa.
Igama elithi "Muhammad" kwi-Arabic calligraphy liyilwe ngendlela yobugcisa nokulingana. Eneneni igama likhangeleka ngolu hlobo. Onobumba uM no-H ababumba isiqingatha sokuqala segama elithi “Muhammad” bayalingana nonobumba uM no-D ababumba isiqingatha sesibini segama elithi “Muhammad” ngesiArabhu.
Abasetyhini banophawu olulodwa
Phambi kwe-Islam amabhinqa ayejongwe njengempahla yamadoda. I-Islam yabuqonda ubuni obukhethekileyo babasetyhini kwaye yawanika amabhinqa isidima sobuntu. Esinye sezikhumbuzo ezibambekayo zoku ngumthetho wamaMuslim othi abafazi mabagcine iifani zabo xa betshata. Abasetyhini banganabo ubutyebi kwaye umthetho wamaMuslim ukhusela nempahla yabo. Xa indoda isifa, umfazi unelungelo lelifa. Akayonto yakuzuzwa njengelifa njengoko kwakunjalo ngaphambi kwe-Islam. "
Umfazi ayisosixhobo sokwabelana ngesondo
Ukuhenyuza nokukrexeza akuvumelekanga ngokungqongqo kwi-Islam. U-Muhammad wathi: Xa umntu ehenyuza okanye ekrexeza akakho kwimeko ye “Imaan” (ukholo) (ngamanye amagama: ukholo kuThixo alukamisi ngokuqinileyo entliziyweni yakhe, yiyo loo nto umntu engaziva enetyala okanye uloyiko lukaThixo xa uhenyuza lwenziwe).
“Kwaye musani ukusondela (ukusondela) kuhenyuzo (uhenyuzo olungekho mthethweni okanye olungaphandle komtshato), Yabona! Lisikizi, nendlela embi”. Quran, 17:32
Le calligraphy ithetha ukuthi: “Incopho yobulumko kukoyika uThixo”. Ngenkxaso ye-calligrapher u-Ismail Hakki.
I-Hijab kunye nokuthozama kwi-Islam
Ukunxiba iqhiya kunye nempahla endilisekileyo yimfanelo kubafazi abadala. Ukongezelela, iimfundiso zamaMuslim ziyawalela amabhinqa ukuba angayisebenzisi imizimba yawo okanye ubufazi kulonwabo lukawonke-wonke kunye nokuhendwa ngokwesini.
Amashishini kunye neentengiso ezixhomekeke ekuvezeni imizimba yabasetyhini ngokulinga okanye ngomtsalane ngokwesondo akuvumelekanga kwi-Islam.
Iimfundiso zamaMuslim zivala iindlela ezinokukhokelela ekuxhatshazweni ngokwesondo, ukuhlaselwa ngokwesondo, ulwaphulo-mthetho lokudlwengula, izifo zesondo, kunye nezinye izinto ezicekisekayo ezinjengobunqunu kunye nemifanekiso engamanyala.
I-Islam ifuna ukuthozama emadodeni ngokunjalo: amadoda kufuneka athobise amehlo awo xa ebona umntu obhinqileyo. Ukunxiba ngokundilisekileyo sisigqibo esichaphazela namadoda ngokunjalo.
Tshata!
U-Muhammad wakhuthaza abantu ukuba batshate kwaye baseke ubomi bentsapho. Wafundisa abalandeli bakhe iinqobo ezisemgangathweni zamaMuslim ezithintela ubudlelwane bezesondo obungekho mthethweni ngaphandle kobudlelwane obuqhelekileyo bomtshato phakathi kwendoda nomfazi. (Sahih Al-Bukhari, 3/26, 1905)
Umfana oselula wacela uMuhammad ukuba amnike imvume yokuhenyuza (ukuba neentlobano zesini ngaphandle komtshato nentombi okanye ihenyukazi), uMuhammad waphendula: “Ngaba uyakwamkela oku kunyoko?” Le ndoda yaphendula yathi: “Hayi.” UMuhammad wathi: "Ngokunjalo abantu abayithandi koomama babo." Wandula ke wabuza lo mfana kwaloo mbuzo izihlandlo ezithathu: “Ngaba uyayithanda intombi yakowenu, dade wenu, umakazi wakho?” Ngalo lonke ixesha le ndoda iphendula ngokuthi hayi kwaye uMuhammad waphinda la mazwi afanayo: “Kwangokunjalo, abantu abayithandi le nto kwiintombi zabo, oodade wabo noomakazi”. Emva koko uMuhammad wabeka isandla sakhe entliziyweni yaloo ndoda waza wabongoza uThixo esithi: “Oh Nkosi yam: mxolele isono sakhe, hlambulula intliziyo yakhe kwaye umnike ubunyulu”. (Musnad Ahmad, 10/5220, 22641)
Phawula:I-Islam ayikuvumi ukutshatiswa ngenkani; indoda nomfazi bafanele bavumelane ngomtshato. Indoda ibophelelekile ukuba ihlawule umtshakazi wayo (hayi kwintsapho yomtshakazi) isixa semali abavumelana ngaso bobabini mhlawumbi ngemali okanye ngokomzekelo kwizinto ezixabisekileyo.### u-Muhammad wawaxhobisa amabhinqa
Kwiinzame zakhe zokuxhobisa iindima zabasetyhini eluntwini, uMuhammad wabela iintsuku ezithile zeveki ukufundisa abasetyhini. Ebabongoza ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwimisitho yamaMuslim, imigidi kunye nemithandazo. Nditsho nabancedisi basekhaya babenokudibana noMuhammad, bathethe naye bafune uncedo okanye iingcebiso zakhe. Uphinde wacela abasetyhini ukuba benze isibhambathiso esisemthethweni (njengoko amadoda esenza) njengoko benoxanduva kumthetho wamaMuslim.
Abasetyhini badlala indima ebalulekileyo eluntwini njengoko bekhulisa isizukulwana esilandelayo esiza kubumba isizwe. Abasetyhini abangamaMuslim baxhotyiswa ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ebonakalayo eluntwini ngaphandle kokugqithelana nendima yamadoda. Nangona kwa kusoloko kunikwa ingqwalaselo ephambili kumsebenzi wokukhulisa abantwana nokunyamekela impilo-ntle yabo, abafazi babedla ngokusebenza bathathe inxaxheba kubomi bezentlalo nezopolitiko.
UMuhammad wakhuthaza ukukhathalelwa kwamantombazana
UMuhammad wagxininisa kwizihlandlo ezininzi ukuphathwa kakuhle kwabasetyhini kwaye wabachaza njengento ethambileyo kwaye "ebuthathaka njengeglasi". Waxelela amaqabane akhe ukuba nabani na ozikhulisa kakuhle iintombi zakhe aze athobele uThixo ekuzinyamekeleni nasekukhokeleleni elukholweni, uya kufumana iParadesi.(1)
UMuhammad wakhuthaza intlonipho epheleleyo yooMama
Indoda yabuza uMuhammad : "Ngubani onokufanelwa yinkxaso kunye nobuqabane bam?" UMuhammad waphendula wathi "Umama wakho." Emva koko le ndoda yabuza uMuhammad ukuba ngubani olandelayo emva kwakhe. UMuhammad waphendula wathi: “Umama wakho”. Indoda yabuza umbuzo ofanayo kwakhona uMuhammad waphendula okwesithathu ": Umama wakho." Emva kokufuna ukwazi le ndoda yabuza umbuzo ofanayo okwesine (waqonda ukuba uMuhammad wayefuna ukugxininisa impatho engcono yoomama). Emva koko uMuhammad wathi kuye: "Uyihlo." (oko kukuthi utata wakho ufanelwe yinkxaso yakho esondeleyo nobuqabane emva kukamama wakho)(2) (Sahih Al- Bukhari 2/8, 5971. Muslim, 8/2, 2548)
Abaphengululi bagqabaza ngeli bali lingasentla ukuba oomama abanakuziphepha iimbandezelo ezintathu eziphambili:
- Ukukhulelwa
- Ukuzala
- Ukuncancisa kunye nokulunyulwa.
UMuhammad wakhuthaza ukuphathwa kakuhle kwabafazi
Wathi ukuba indoda ayiyithandi enye yeempawu zebhinqa iya kukholiswa yenye. Waza wathi: Amakholwa abonakalisa olona kholo lugqibeleleyo ngabo banesimilo esihle; kwaye abona bangcono kumakholwa ngabo balungileyo kubafazi babo (Tirmithi, 6/188, 3895).
Oku kukhuthaza uthando, imvisiswano kunye nokuqondana.
Eli ligama "uMuhammad" ngesi-Arabhu elenziwe ngendlela eyakhayo ekhangeleka njengentyatyambo. Ngokunyanisekileyo koMculi uFarid Al-Ali.
Uqhawulo-mtshato kwi-Islam
Uqhawulo-mtshato luvumelekile kwi-Islam kodwa kufuneka lube lolona khetho lokugqibela emva kokuzama ukunyaniseka ukugcina umtshato. Ukuba uqhawulo-mtshato alunakuphepheka, ukwahlukana kufanele kuvisisane yaye kube nobubele.(3)
Xa abafazi beqhawule umtshato kwaye sele befikelele kwixesha labo elimisiweyo (ixesha lokulinda elimiselweyo lokuphonononga isigqibo soqhawulo-mtshato) ningabagcina bekuko konke ukundiliseka okanye nibakhulule ngayo yonke into endilisekileyo (indlela efanelekileyo). Musani ukubagcina ngenjongo yokubalimaza; lowo wenza lonto ulimaza isiqu sakhe. Quran, 2:231
UMuhammad wayemthanda umfazi wakhe
Kwiminyaka embalwa emva kokusweleka komfazi wakhe wokuqala u-Khadijah, u-Muhammad watshata no-Aisha, intombi yomhlobo wakhe osenyongweni u-Abu-Bakr. Ngaphandle kokunyaniseka kwakhe kumfazi ongasekhoyo, wayemthanda uAisha kwaye enyanisekile kuye. Wabuzwa kanye ngu-Amr bin Al-Aas (iqabane):
Ngubani oyena mntu umthandayo?" UMuhammad waphendula ngaphandle kokuthandabuza: Aisha. (Al-Bukhari, 5/5, 3662)
Luchaze uthando lwakho kumfazi wakho
UAisha ubalise ukuba uMuhammad wachaza uthando lwakhe kuye njengeqhina elibotshelelwe ngentambo. UAisha wayedla ngokubuza uMuhammad amaxesha ngamaxesha "linjani iqhina" kwaye uMuhammad wayedla ngokuqinisekisa uthando lwakhe kuye. Athi:“Iqhina lisabotshiwe njenga kuqala.”
UMuhammad wabonakalisa umzekelo omhle wokunyaniseka kumfazi wakhe ongasekhoyo uKhadija
U-Muhammad wayedla ngokucela u-Aisha ukuba athumele ukutya kwabahlobo bomfazi wakhe ongasekhoyo u-Khadijah ngalo lonke ixesha u-Aisha epheka igusha okanye imazi yegusha.U-Muhammad wakhankanya u-Aisha ukuba akukho mntu wayelunge ngaphezu kuka Khadijah ngexesha lakhe, wamkholelwa xa wayeqala ukutyhilelwa nguThixo ngelixa abantu abaninzi bengazange (abanye oomalume bakhe kunye nezihlobo zakhe babengakholelwa kuye). Wamthuthuzela ngemali yakhe kwaye wamxhasa ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo.Nangona abanye abantu banokuzijonga izimvo zikaMuhammad ngomfazi wakhe ongasekhoyo u-Khadijah njengento enobangela umona kwinkosikazi yakhe yangoku u-Aisha, wayeyindoda enobulungisa kwaye ethembekileyo kubafazi bakhe.
Muhammad malunga nesithembu
U-Muhammad zange abengowokuqala ukuza nesithembu
Enyanisweni isithembu sasikhona phambi kwe-Islam ngaphandle komda kwinani. Yayiqhelekile into yokuba indoda ibe nabafazi abangaphezu komnye okanye ibe ngamashweshwe okanye amakhoboka.(4)Kuyaziwa ukuba uMprofeti uAbraham wayetshate noSara, unina ka-Isake noHagare, unina ka-Ishmayeli. Kwakhona, kuthiwa uYakobi wayenabafazi abane, abafazi ababini namashweshwe amabini.(5)
UMuhammad waphila ixesha elininzi lobomi bakhe etshate nomfazi omnye
Wayetshatele kuKhadijah phantse iminyaka engama-25 kwaye wayengu-tata wamantombazana amane namakhwenkwe amabini. Bobabini oonyana bakhe basweleka ebuntwaneni.Emva kokusweleka kuka Khadijah watshata umhlolokazi omdala ohluphekileyo ogama lingu "Sawdah". Umyeni wakhe usweleke emva kokuba bebuye e-Abyssinia, ilizwe apho uMuhammad wathumela abanye babahlobo bakhe ukuba bayokubalekela khona.Ukutshata kwakhe noSawdah kwakuyindlela yokumxhasa. U-Muhammad wayeneminyaka engama-50 ubudala xa watshata noSawdah, owayemdala kunaye.
UMuhammad watshata intombi yeqabane lakhe elisondeleyo uAbu-Bakr
Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, u-Muhammad watshata no-Aisha, intombi yomhlobo wakhe osenyongweni kunye neqabane lakhe elixhasayo u-Abu-Bakr. Umtshato wawuyimbeko ku-Abu-Bakr no-Aisha.
UMuhammad watshata intombi yeqabane lakhe lesibini elisondeleyo uOmar
Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, uHafsa, intombi yeqabane lakhe lesibini u-Omar, waphulukana nomyeni wakhe kwidabi lase-Uhud waza waba ngumhlolokazi. UOmar wakhetha ukuba intombi yakhe itshate nomnye wabahlobo bakhe abathembekileyo kodwa akukho namnye owamcebisayo. Emva koko u-Muhammad wathabatha inyathelo lokuqala wacebisa kuye. Umtshato wawuliwonga kunye nenkxaso ku-Omar kunye nentombi yakhe uHafsa.
UMuhammad watshata umhlolokazi oli-Muslim owayeyintombi yotshaba lwakhe
URamlah wayesaziwa ngegama lesidlaliso "Um Habibah". Wayeyintombi yendoda ephezulu eMakkah (Abu-Sufyan). Nangona u-Abu-Sufyan wayengamkholelwa uMuhammad kwaye walwa naye iminyaka engama-20, intombi yakhe yamkela i-Islam.Wayengomnye wamaMuslim okuqala afudukela e-Abyssinia kunye nomyeni wakhe kwaye bahlala khona phantse iminyaka eli-15.Umyeni wakhe waguqukela kubuKristu waza wafela apho. Wasala yedwa e-Abyssinia, ngoko uMuhammad wenza isicelo ku-Um Habibah kwaye wavuma waza watshata naye. Okumangalisayo kukuba, kunyaka kamva, uyise waba li-Muslim.
UMuhammad watshata noSafiyya, umfazi wesizwe samaYuda
U-Bani Al-Nadhir wayengomnye wesizwe sama Yuda esangcatsha uMuhammad sasebenza ngokuchasene naye. Emva kokuba uMuhammad ebangqingile kwisixeko sabo iKhaybar, bazinikela.
USafiyya, intombi yenkokeli yabo wayephakathi kwabo babanjwa. UMuhammad wamkhulula kwaye wacebisa umtshato kuye. USafiyya wamkela kwaye batshata.UMuhammad ubonakalisile kubo bonke abantu ukuba akananto ichaseneyo noluntu lwamaJuda kodwa abahlukumezi kwafuneka bamiswe nokuba bangaluphi na uhlanga okanye inkolo.Ngezihlandlo ezininzi kwaye nasemva kokuba uMuhammad efile, uSafiyya wamchaza njengomyeni onothando nolungileyo.(Tirmithi, 6/188, 3894. Musnad Ahmad, 5/2609, 12587)
U-Mariya umCopt
Kwakuloo nyaka, uMuhammad wathumela umthunywa kumlawuli wase-Egypt owayengumKristu, embiza ukuba amkele umyalezo we-Islam.Umlawuli waseYiputa waphendula ecela uxolo ngembeko waza wathumela uMuhammad izipho kunye nogqirha nesicaka okanye ishweshwe elibizwa ngokuba nguMariya (uMariya). UMuhammad wazamkela izipho zomlawuli waseYiputa. Watshata noMariya waza kamva wazala umntwana oyinkwenkwe ogama linguIbrahim. U-Ibrahim wafa eseyinkwenkwana kwaye u-Muhammad wayebuhlungu kakhulu ngokulahlekelwa nguye.(6)
UMuhammad wadlulisela umyalelo kaThixo wokulawula isithembu
AmaSilamsi awasalelanga isithembu kodwa asithintela kwaye asilawula. Kwi-Islam, akunyanzelekanga ukuba utshate ngaphezulu komfazi omnye kodwa kuvumelekile ngezizathu eziyinyani.Indoda inokutshata umfazi wesibini ukuba inokubonisa imbeko epheleleyo, ubulungisa nokungakhethi cala kubafazi bayo. Ivesi 3, Isahluko 4 kwiQuran sibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba indoda ayinakutshata ngaphezu komfazi omnye ukuba ayinakubaphatha ngokufanelekileyo nangokungakhethi cala.Kwakhona, le ndinyana ibeka umda wabafazi abane kuphela kumadoda angenamkhethe kunye nolungileyo.Phambi kwesi sityhilelo, amadoda ayehlala enabafazi abaninzi ngaphandle kwemida okanye iimeko.
Imida kuMprofeti uMuhammad
Umprofeti uMuhammad wayetshate nabafazi abangaphezu kwabane phambi kwesi sityhilelo. Ukuba ngabafazi ‘boMthunywa kaThixo’ kwakulilungelo elikhulu kubo ngaphandle nje kokugqalwa kwabo njengoomama bamakholwa. UThixo watyhila kwiQuran ukuba abafazi bakaMuhammad babesemthethweni kuye. Nangona kunjalo, akusekho mfazi unokutshata noMprofeti uMuhammad nokuba wayeqhawule umtshato nabani na kubafazi bakhe.(7)
Imida kubafazi boMprofeti uMuhammad
AmaSilamsi ayengavumelekanga ukuba atshate nabaphi na kubafazi boMprofeti uMuhammad emva kokuba eswelekile kuba babefana nomama wabo.KwiQuran, uThixo wachaza abafazi bomprofeti ngokungafaniyo nabanye abantu basetyhini (kufuneka babonwe ngamanye amaSilamsi njengomzekelo nanjengomama bamakholwa).
Ukuba omnye wabafazi bomprofeti wenza isenzo sesono esibonakalayo, isohlwayo sinokuphindaphindeka kuye. Kodwa ukuba omnye wabafazi bomprofeti wamthobela ngokuzithoba uThixo kunye noMthunywa waKhe kwaye wenza imisebenzi elungileyo, uyakufumana umvuzo ophindwe kabini.
Abafazi bakaMuhammad babenenkululeko yokuzikhethela. okanye uhlale utshatile noMprofeti uMuhammad kwaye unikele ubomi babo ngokupheleleyo ngenxa ye-Islam.Bonke bakhethe ukhetho lwesibini kwaye bonke bahlala betshatile noMprofeti uMuhammad. Emva kokuba uMuhammad eswelekile, akukho namnye kubo owaphinda watshata.
Imibhalo yokugqibela
- Ngokutsho kwezinye iingxelo umprofeti uMuhammad wabonisa ukuba nabani na owayenentombi enye okanye ezimbini okanye ezintathu waza wazinyamekela ngokufanelekileyo (de zizimele) wayeya kungena kwiParadesi kaThixo.
- IQuran yagxininisa kwiindinyana ezininzi ukuba umntu kufuneka alunge kubazali bobabini (umz. Isahluko 17, ivesi 23).
- Bona kwakhona Quran (Isahluko 2, V 229 -232)
- Ngokuphathelele isithembu kwezinye iinkonzo, ngaphambili, kwakungekho miqathango kwanakunqulo lwamaHindu. Kwakungowe-1955 kuphela, xa kwawiswa uMthetho womtshato wamaHindu ekwathi kwaba ngumthetho ukuba umHindu abe nomfazi ongaphezu kwesinye. Sithethanje, ngumthetho wamaIndiya othintela indoda engumHindu ekubeni ibe nabafazi abangaphezu komnye kungekhona izibhalo zamaHindu. Isithembu sisavunyelwa kumaHindu aseGoa phantsi kweemeko ezithile.
- Ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ezingakumbi kwimithombo yamaKristu ngentsapho kaYakobi, bona iGenesis 32:22-24 .
- UMuhammad wayebuhlungu kakhulu ngokulahlekelwa ngunyana wakhe u-Ibrahim. Kubaliswa ukuba wakhala phambi kwamaqabane akhe. UMprofeti uMuhammad waxelela amaqabane akhe ukuba ikholwa kufuneka lamkele ikamva likaThixo.
- Nceda ubone iQuran, iivesi 50, 51, 52, Isahluko 33, malunga nabafazi bomprofeti uMuhammad.
