5.1: Impucuko yamaMuslim - Izimiso kunye neendlela zokuziphatha
Uphuhliso lomntu kunye nobu-Nkokeli
“Unesimilo esibalaseleyo” - iQur’an, 64:4
Ulungelelwaniso olugqibeleleyo ekwaneliseni iimfuno zomzimba nomphefumlo
UMuhammad ucele ukugcina ulungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo phakathi kwezinto eziphathekayo kunye nemimoya. Wafundisa abalandeli bakhe ukuba iintswelo zomzimba nezomphefumlo zimele zaneliswe kodwa ngolungelelwano olufanelekileyo nangeendlela ezisemthethweni.
Ukhuthaze abantu ukuba bathathe inkolo njengesikhuthazi sendlela engcono yokuphila eyongeza ixabiso kwimizimba nakwimiphefumlo yabo.
UMuhammad wazigxeka iimbono ezibaxiweyo
UMuhammad wabiza indlela yokuphila elungeleleneyo, iimbono ezilungeleleneyo kunye nokucinga okunengqiqo. Kubaliswa ukuba abantu abathathu beza endlwini yakhe bezobuza ngendlela yakhe yokunqula. UMuhammad wayengekho ekhaya kwaye inkosikazi yakhe yayincokola nabo. Noko ke, bafumanisa ukuba umlinganiselo wonqulo lwakhe ungaphantsi kunoko babewulindele.
Babecinga ukuba indlela yokuphila yonqulo ifuna ukunikela ingqalelo kwizinto zokomoya nokutyeshela ezinye zeentswelo zomzimba okanye ukubabandeza iminqweno yemvelo.
Ngokwendlela abaqonda ngayo, umntu okholwayo kufuneka angatshati kwaye angatshati. Kwakhona, kufuneka azile ukutya yonke imihla kwaye enze ubusuku bonke imithandazo eyongezelelweyo ngaphandle kwemithandazo yemihla ngemihla.Xa u-Muhammad wayeyazi into abayithethayo, wayenomsindo kodwa wathi wayehlala esenza imithandazo eyongezelelweyo ebusuku kwaye aphumle njengabanye abantu. Ukongeza kukuzila kwonyaka kwinyanga yeRamadan, wazila ixesha elithile kwaye akazange azile ngamanye amaxesha. Ekugqibeleni, watshata kwaye wayengathandi ukuba abantu bahlale bengatshatanga. Uthe:
“Le yiSunnah yam (indlela yobomi ayithandayo uThixo). Nabani na ongayamkeliyo, akangomnye wethu ”. IBukhaari, i-1184 kunye neMuslim, i-849
UMuhammad akabuthandi ubunzima
Kuchazwa ukuba nanini na xa uMuhammad kufuneka enze isigqibo ngomcimbi okanye umcimbi apho kukho ukhetho olungaphezulu kwesinye okanye enye into, wayehlala ephepha ubunzima kwaye ekhetha eyona nto inzima kakhulu ngaphandle kokuba izalisekisa iinjongo ezifunekayo kwaye ingabandakanyi izenzo ezingekho mthethweni. (Sahih Al-Bukhari, 8/160, 6786. Sahih Muslim, 7/80, 2327).
Ngoncedo lweCalligrapher, Wissam Shawkat
Ukusulungekiswa nokucoceka
Ucoceko nococeko lomntu zizinto eziyimfuneko kwinkolo yamaSilamsi.
"Inene, u-Allah uyabathanda abo baphendukela kuYe ngenguquko kwaye uyabathanda abo bazihlambululayo (emzimbeni nangokomoya)". Quran, 2:222
“Neempahla zakho zihlambulule.” Quran, 74:4
Ukwenza ukungcola ngaphambi kokuthandaza kuyimfuneko ebalulekileyo kwimithandazo. Kubandakanya ukuhlamba izandla, ubuso, iingalo ukuya kuthi ga engqinibeni, ukosula intloko kunye nokuhlamba iinyawo.
Ukuhlamba yonke imihla
Ghusul, ukuhlamba umzimba ngokupheleleyo
Ukwenza iGhusul (ukuhlamba umzimba wonke) rhoqo kuyacetyiswa ngamandla kwaye kuthathwa njengenxalenye yeSunnah kaMuhammad (iimfundiso kunye nendlela yokuphila). Nangona kunjalo, iGhusul iyimfuneko ekucocekeni kwizihlandlo ezithile (umz. emva kokudibana nomtshato kunye nokuya exesheni).
UMuhammad wagxininisa ucoceko kunye nococeko kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi. Ucele oogxa bakhe ukuba bacoce amakhaya abo kunye neendawo ezikufutshane. Ubafundise ukuba ukususa ingozi okanye inkunkuma endleleni ngumvuzo wesisa.
Kwakhona, uMuhammad wabongoza amaqabane akhe ukuba agcine ukucoceka okuphezulu kunye nokucoceka. Iintetho zakhe kulo mongo zibonisa oku kulandelayo:
- Nxiba iimpahla ezicocekileyo nezicocekileyo, kodwa musani ukuba nolahleko
- Sebenzisa iziqholo (Teeb) ukunukisa kamnandi
- Sika iinzipho zakho, susa iinwele ze-pubic kunye nekhwapha
- Hlamba izandla phambi nasemva kokutya. Musa ukuphatha ukutya emva kokuvuka de izandla zihlanjwe.
Ukucoceka okanye ukuhlanjululwa sisiqingatha sokholo. Sahih Muslim kunye Tirmithi
Miswak kunye nokhathalelo lwamazinyo. Umlomo ococekileyo kunye nomoya omhle ngexesha losuku lonke
UMuhammad wathi: "Ukuba ayikhange ikukhathaze, ndingakucela ukuba uhlambe amazinyo akho nge-miswak phambi komthandazo ngamnye." (okt kahlanu ngemini) (Ibaliswa nguBukhari kunye noMuslim)
Yintoni miswak?
UMiswak ligama eliqhelekileyo leSalvadore persica (umthi webrashi yamazinyo, okwaziwa ngokuba ngumthi weArak). Isetyenziswa kakhulu eSaudi Arabia. I-Miswak i-wicks ecocekileyo phakathi kwamazinyo kwaye ayiphuli phantsi koxinzelelo, kunokuba iguquguquke kwaye yomelele.
Uhlalutyo lweekhemikhali ze-Miswak lubonisa ukuba iqulethe ezininzi iiminerali eziluncedo kunye nezinto ezifana ne-fluorides kwiimali ezinkulu, i-silica, i-vitamin C kunye neencinci ezincinci ze-chlorides, i-tannins, i-saponins, i-flavonoids kunye ne-sterols.
Ngokophando lohlalutyo, i-Miswak inceda ukulwa namacwecwe, ukudodobala koqoqosho kunye nokopha kweentsini. Intonga ye-Miswak ikhupha incindi entsha kunye ne-silica (izinto eziqinileyo ezimenyezelayo) ezisebenza njengesixhobo sokurhawuzelela ukususa amabala. I-Miswak inokucoca amazinyo ngobumnene nangempumelelo, yenza amazinyo abe mhlophe ngaphandle kokulimaza i-enamel okanye i-gum. Umxholo we-chloride unceda ukususa i-plaque kunye ne-tartar stains kunye ne-vitamin C igalelo ekuphulukiseni nasekulungiseni izicubu. Kukholelwa ukuba isicatshulwa seMiswak sikhulula intloko ebuhlungu, ukubanda okuqhelekileyo, isicaphucaphu, ukuxinezeleka kunye nesiyezi.### Funa ulwazi
UMuhammad wazisa umyalezo wokukhanya kunye nesikhokelo esikhuthaza ukuqhubela phambili kwezenzululwazi kunye nophuhliso kwimpucuko. Iqale kwisityhilelo esivela kuThixo esiqale ngegama elithi "funda". Kwisithuba semashumi eminyaka, yaguqula ulwazi kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zesayensi eArabhiya nakwilizwe liphela.
Amagama: funda, cinga, funda, ujonge, uphonononge, uqonde, ucamngce, ucamngce, ubone kwaye ubonakalise akhankanywa rhoqo kwiQuran.
Inene, ekudalweni kwamazulu nomhlaba, nasekutshintsheni ubusuku nemini, kukho imiqondiso (yamandla kaThixo okudala) kwabo banengqiqo nabaqiqayo. Abo bakhumbula uAllh (iNkosi yezidalwa zonke) ngentlonipho bemile, behleli naxa belele ngamacala. Kwaye bacinga ngendalo yamazulu nomhlaba, bathi: Nkosi yethu! Awukudalanga ilize konke oku, uphakamile Wena, ke usikhusele kwisohlwayo soMlilo. Quran, 3:190-191
Kwaye emhlabeni kukho imiqondiso emangalisayo (ebonisa ubukho bukaThixo) nangaphakathi kuni (kukho imiqondiso efana naleyo), aniboni na? Quran, 51:20-21
U-Muhammad wongeze ixabiso kubomi babantu ngokubakhuthaza ukuba bafunde kwaye bafune ulwazi oluluncedo. Ukhuthaze amaqabane akhe ukuba asebenzise ulwazi ukwenza impilo yoluntu kwaye angabangeli ububi emhlabeni. Wadibanisa oko kukukholisa uThixo xa wathi:
“Lowo ulandela indlela yokuzuza ulwazi, uThixo umlungiselela indlela eya eParadesi” (Sahih Muslim, 8/71, 2699)
Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, izazinzulu zamaSilamsi zazingumda kwimfundo esulungekileyo nesetyenzisiweyo. IArabhu, ulwimi lweQuran, yaba lulwimi lwezenzululwazi ezazifundiswa kwiiyunivesithi ezigcweleyo zinika izidanga kwikhemistri, kwimathematics, kwi-calculus, kwiyeza, kwi-astronomy, kwijografi, kubunjineli, kubugcisa noncwadi.
Abanye abaphandi bayayamkela inyani yokuba impucuko yasentshona yayixhomekeke ikakhulu kwimpucuko yamaSilamsi. Ngaphandle kwayo, impucuko yasentshona iya kufuna ubuncinci iminyaka engama-500 ukufezekisa esele ikufezile.
| Inzululwazi | Igalelo elikhulu |
|---|---|
| UGeberUYise weKhemistry721-815 CE | UJaber Ibn Hayyanyayiyipolymath ebalaseleyo: ikhemisti, isazi ngeenkwenkwezi, isazi ngeenkwenkwezi, injineli, inzululwazi yokwakheka komhlaba, intanda-bulumko, ingcali yefiziksi, kunye nosokhemesti kunye nogqirha. Uthathwa zizazinzulu ezininzi ukuba nguyise wemichiza. Wayengowokuqala ukufumanisa iiasidi ezininzi ezifana ne-nitric, i-hydrochloric kunye ne-sulfuric acids. Yenaichaze iinkqubo ezininzi zeekhemikhali ezifana nokunyuka komphunga, i-sublimation kunye ne-distillation. Umbhali-mbali wekhemistri u-Eric John Holmyard unika imbeko kuGeber ngokuphuhlisa i-alchemy kwisayensi yovavanyo. |
| AlgoritmiUYise weeAlgorithms780-850 CE | UMohammad Ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmiwayengomnye wezazinzulu ezinkulu zexesha lakhe. Wayeyingcali yezibalo, isazi ngeenkwenkwezi kunye nejografi. Waba negalelo elikhulu kwiMathematika xa wathi wavelisa iAlgebra (ethatyathwe kwigama elithi Al-Jabr elithetha “ukudibanisa iindawo ezaphukileyo”) kunye “neendlela zokulinganisa izinto” ezithiywe ngegama lakhe. UAl-Khwarizmi waphinda wahlola inkqubo yeenombolo zedesimali waza wapapasha uphando olwafikelela eYurophu njengenguqulelo yesiLatini. |
| Iirhasi (iRasis)UYise woGqirha865-929 CE | Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Zakariya AlRazi. Wayegqalwa zizazinzulu ezininzi njengoyise wabantwana. Waba ngowokuqala ukwahlula ingqakaqha kwimasisi. Ufumene iikhompawundi ezininzi kunye neekhemikhali ezibandakanya utywala kunye neparafini. URhazes waziqhelanisa namayeza amaGrike, amaSiriya, amaArabhu namaIndiya kwaye wenza imifuniselo yezonyango. URhazes wabhala iincwadi ezininzi zonyango waza waqulunqa imibhalo yamayeza. Ngaphaya koko, wavelisa izixhobo ezithioosokhemesti basebenzise yonke indlela kude kube sekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 (inter alia mortar, spatula kunye ne-ampoule). |
| UAvicennaUBawo Wezonyango980-1037 CE | Abu Ali Al-Hussein Ibn Sinangomnye wabaphengululi bamaSilamsi ababalaseleyo kwezonyango kwaye ungomnye wezazinzulu zenzululwazi zamaSilamsi ezidumileyo ehlabathini. Wayeyipolymath kunye nombhali weencwadi eziphantse zibe ngama-200 ngesayensi, inkolo kunye nefilosofi. Eyona misebenzi mibini ibalulekileyo ka-Avicenna yile: Shifa (Incwadi yokuPhilisa) eyiencyclopedia yentanda-bulumko esekelwe kwisithethe sika-Aristotle kunye ne-Al Qanun Fi-Tibb (iCanon of Medicine). ICanon yincwadi enemiqulu eli-14, ehlela ize ichaze izifo, ize ichaze oonobangela bazo. Yaguqulelwa kwiilwimi ezahlukeneyo kwaye yayingumbhalo oqhelekileyo wezonyango eYurophu kangangeenkulungwane ezisixhenxe (de kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-18). |
| IAl Jazari1136-1206 CE | Abul-Iz Bin Ismael Al-Jazari. Waziwa kakhulu ngokubhala “Incwadi yoLwazi lweZixhobo zoBuchule boomatshini” apho wachaza izixhobo zoomatshini ezingamashumi amahlanu kunye nemiyalelo yendlela yokwakhiwa kwazo. I-Al-Jazari ikwabizwa ngokuba ngumqambi weyona "wotshi yenqaba" enkulu yeenkwenkwezi, ethathwa njengeyokuqala ikhompyutha ye-analog enokucwangciswa. Ngokutsho kukaDonald Routledge Hill, u-Al-Jazari uchaze ezona wotshi zekhandlela eziphucukileyo. Uphinde wayila iwotshi yamanzi kunye ne-crank shaft eguqula intshukumo ejikelezayo ibe yintshukumo yomgca. |
Uphuhliso lomntu ngezemidlalo
U-Muhammad wayedla ngokukhuthaza amaqabane akhe ukuba agcine imizimba esempilweni kwaye afunde iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemidlalo enjengokudada, ukutola ngetolo, ukukhwela amahashe kunye nokubaleka ngamahashe (ukukhwela ihashe).
Ngexesha likaMuhammad abantu babesonwabela imincili kunye nemvakalelo entle yezemidlalo. Ukhuphiswano lokubaleka lwaluyindlela eqhelekileyo yokuzonwabisa. Kuchazwa ukuba uMuhammad wayedla ngokubonwa ebaleka nomfazi wakhe uAisha. Waluphumelela ugqatso kanye waze waluphumelela ugqatso ngelinye ixesha. UMuhammad wayedla ngokuthi:
"Owu Allah, ndicela ikhusi kuwe kwixhala, usizi, ukungakwazi, ubuvila, ubugwala kunye nobugwenxa". (Abu-Dawoud, 2/334, 2578. Ibn-Majeh, 3/149, 1979)
U-Muhammad wabele indawo yokuba ibala lokubaleka kwicala lasentshona le-Nabawi Mosque eMadinah. Umdyarho wamahashe wawusenziwa kwinqanaba elinye ngokunjalo. Kwakhiwa i-mosque ecaleni kwebala lemidlalo kwaye yayibizwa ngokuba yi-Sabaq Mosque (okt i-mosque yentsimi yeembaleki).
